Acute and Critical Care

Original Articles

Pediatrics
Characteristics, management and clinical outcomes of patients with sepsis: a multicenter cohort study in Korea: Kyeongman Jeon, Soo Jin Na, Dong Kyu Oh, Sunghoon Park, Eun Young Choi, Seok Chan Kim, Gil Myeong Seong, Jeongwon Heo, Youjin Chang, Won Gun Kwack, Byung Ju Kang, Won-Il Choi, Kyung Chan Kim, So Young Park, Sang Hyun Kwak, Yoon Mi Shin, Heung Bum Lee, So Hee Park, Jae Hwa Cho, Beongki Kim, Chae‐Man Lim; Acute Crit Care. 2019;34(3):179-191. Published online July 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2019.00514

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Background
Mortality rates associated with sepsis have increased progressively in Korea, but domestic epidemiologic data remain limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics, management and clinical outcomes of sepsis patients in Korea.
Methods
This study is a multicenter retrospective cohort study. A total of 64,021 adult patients who visited an emergency department (ED) within one of the 19 participating hospitals during a 1-month period were screened for eligibility. Among these, patients diagnosed with sepsis based on the third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) were included in the study.
Results
Using the Sepsis-3 criteria, 977 sepsis patients were identified, among which 36.5% presented with septic shock. The respiratory system (61.8%) was the most common site of infection. The pathogen involved was identified in 444 patients (45.5%) and multi-drug resistance (MDR) pathogens were isolated in 171 patients. Empiric antibiotic therapy was appropriate in 68.6% of patients, but the appropriateness was significantly reduced in infections associated with MDR pathogens as compared with non-MDR pathogens (58.8% vs. 76.0%, P<0.001). Hospital mortality was 43.2% and 18.5% in sepsis patients with and without shock, respectively. Of the 703 patients who survived to discharge, 61.5% were discharged to home and 38.6% were transferred to other hospitals or facilities.
Conclusions
This study found the prevalence of sepsis in adult patients visiting an ED in Korea was 1.5% (15.2/1,000 patients). Patients with sepsis, especially septic shock, had a high mortality and were often referred to step-down centers after acute and critical care.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Early Prediction of Mortality for Septic Patients Visiting Emergency Room Based on Explainable Machine Learning: A Real-World Multicenter Study
Sang Won Park, Na Young Yeo, Seonguk Kang, Taejun Ha, Tae-Hoon Kim, DooHee Lee, Dowon Kim, Seheon Choi, Minkyu Kim, DongHoon Lee, DoHyeon Kim, Woo Jin Kim, Seung-Joon Lee, Yeon-Jeong Heo, Da Hye Moon, Seon-Sook Han, Yoon Kim, Hyun-Soo Choi, Dong Kyu Oh, S
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Deficits in blood culture collection in the emergency department if sepsis is suspected: results of a retrospective cohort study
Charlotte Berninghausen, Frank Schwab, Alexander Gropmann, Bernd A. Leidel, Rajan Somasundaram, Lydia Hottenbacher, Petra Gastmeier, Sonja Hansen
Infection.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pre-Sepsis Length of Hospital Stay and Mortality: A Nationwide Multicenter Cohort Study
Joong-Yub Kim, Hong Yeul Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Dong Kyu Oh, Su Yeon Lee, Mi Hyeon Park, Chae-Man Lim, Sang-Min Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Platelet indices in critically ill septic patients as a predictor of mortality
Rehab Salah Taha, Mohamed Elsayed Afandy, Abdelaziz Hamid Elbadawi, Mohamed Samir Abd El Ghafar
Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia.2023; 39(1): 56. CrossRef
Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Based on Sepsis Onset Location in Korea: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Hyung-Jun Kim, Dong Kyu Oh, Sung Yoon Lim, Young-Jae Cho, Sunghoon Park, Gee Young Suh, Chae-Man Lim, Yeon Joo Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
HYPOTENSION AT THE TIME OF SEPSIS RECOGNITION IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY IN SEPSIS PATIENTS WITH NORMAL LACTATE LEVELS
Ji Hwan Kim, Yong Kyun Kim, Dong Kyu Oh, Kyeongman Jeon, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Gee Young Suh, Sung Yun Lim, Yeon Joo Lee, Young-Jae Cho, Mi-Hyeon Park, Sang-Bum Hong, Chae-Man Lim, Sunghoon Park
Shock.2023; 59(3): 360. CrossRef
Mortality among adult patients with sepsis and septic shock in Korea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Myeong Namgung, Chiwon Ahn, Yeonkyung Park, Il-Youp Kwak, Jungguk Lee, Moonho Won
Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2023; 10(2): 157. CrossRef
Effects of prior antiplatelet and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use on mortality in patients undergoing abdominal surgery for abdominal sepsis
Se Hun Kim, Ki Hoon Kim
Surgery.2023; 174(3): 611. CrossRef
Clinical effects of bacteremia in sepsis patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Tae Wan Kim, Se-Uk Lee, Boram Park, Kyeongman Jeon, Sunghoon Park, Gee Young Suh, Dong Kyu Oh, Soo Yeon Lee, Mi Hyeon Park, Haein Lee, Chae-man Lim, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Sang-Bum Hong, Suk-Kyung Hong, Yeon Joo Lee, Young-Jae Cho, Sung Yoon Lim, Jeongwon Heo, Ja
BMC Infectious Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of treatment of acute respiratory failure in Korea
Yong Jun Choi, Jae Hwa Cho
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(3): 124. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Neutropenic Sepsis: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Soo Jin Na, Dong Kyu Oh, Sunghoon Park, Yeon Joo Lee, Sang-Bum Hong, Mi-Hyun Park, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Chae-Man Lim, Kyeongman Jeon
Shock.2022; 57(5): 659. CrossRef
Mortality of patients with hospital-onset sepsis in hospitals with all-day and non-all-day rapid response teams: a prospective nationwide multicenter cohort study
Dong-gon Hyun, Su Yeon Lee, Jee Hwan Ahn, Jin Won Huh, Sang-Bum Hong, Younsuck Koh, Chae-Man Lim, Dong Kyu Oh, Gee Young Suh, Kyeongman Jeon, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Young-Jae Cho, Yeon Joo Lee, Sung Yoon Lim, Sunghoon Park, Jeongwon Heo, Jae-myeong Lee, Kyung Cha
Critical Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infection in the intensive care unit: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study in Korea
Chan Hee Park, Jeong Woo Lee, Hak Jae Lee, Dong Kyu Oh, Mi Hyeon Park, Chae-Man Lim, Suk-Kyung Hong, Chae-Man Lim, Sang-Bum Hong, Dong Kyu Oh, Gee Young Suh, Kyeongman Jeon, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Young-Jae Cho, Yeon Joo Lee, Sung Yoon Lim, Sunghoon Park, Chae-Ma
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Sepsis in the XXI Century: Etiology, Risk Factors, Epidemiological Features, Complications, Prevention
L. I. Gomanova, A. Y. Brazhnikov
Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention.2021; 20(3): 107. CrossRef
Characteristics, Management, and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Multicenter Cohort Study in Korea
Ryoung-Eun Ko, Kyung Hoon Min, Sang-Bum Hong, Ae-Rin Baek, Hyun-Kyung Lee, Woo Hyun Cho, Changhwan Kim, Youjin Chang, Sung-Soon Lee, Jee Youn Oh, Heung Bum Lee, Soohyun Bae, Jae Young Moon, Kwang Ha Yoo, Kyeongman Jeon
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2021; 84(4): 317. CrossRef
Clinical Usefulness of Red Cell Distribution Width/Albumin Ratio to Discriminate 28-Day Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation, Compared with Lacate/Albumin Ratio: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Jong Hwan Jeong, Manbong Heo, Seung Jun Lee, Yi Yeong Jeong, Jong Deog Lee, Jung-Wan Yoo
Diagnostics.2021; 11(12): 2344. CrossRef
Review of 20 Years of Continuous Quality Improvement of a Rapid Response System, at Four Institutions, to Identify Key Process Responsible for Its Success
Mary Anne Vandegrift, Robert Granata, Vicken Y. Totten, John Kellett, Frank Sebat
Critical Care Explorations.2021; 3(8): e0448. CrossRef
An Update on Sepsis Biomarkers
Mi-Hee Kim, Jung-Hyun Choi
Infection & Chemotherapy.2020; 52(1): 1. CrossRef
Normothermia in Patients With Sepsis Who Present to Emergency Departments Is Associated With Low Compliance With Sepsis Bundles and Increased In-Hospital Mortality Rate*
Sunghoon Park, Kyeongman Jeon, Dong Kyu Oh, Eun Young Choi, Gil Myeong Seong, Jeongwon Heo, Youjin Chang, Won Gun Kwack, Byung Ju Kang, Won-Il Choi, Kyung Chan Kim, So Young Park, Yoon Mi Shin, Heung Bum Lee, So Hee Park, Seok Chan Kim, Sang Hyun Kwak, Ja
Critical Care Medicine.2020; 48(10): 1462. CrossRef
Prevention of sepsis in an aging society
Youngjoon Kang
Acute and Critical Care.2019; 34(3): 221. CrossRef
Optimal antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial stewardship in sepsis and septic shock
Hyeri Seok, Dae Won Park
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(12): 638. CrossRef
Sepsis
Yunghee Lee, Young-Jae Cho
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2019; 94(6): 495. CrossRef

Infection
The Effects of Flecainide Acetate on Inflammatory-Immune Response in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Neutrophils and on Mortality in Septic Rats: Shi Young Chung, Jinyoung Kim, Hong Bum Bae, Tran Duc Tin, Wan Ju, Sang Hyun Kwak; Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(1):34-41. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2017.00577

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Abstract PDF

Background
Flecainide acetate is a drug used primarily for cardiac arrhythmia. Some studies also imply that flecainide acetate has the potential to regulate inflammatory-immune responses; however, its mechanism of action is contended. We determined the effects of flecainide acetate on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human neutrophils in vitro and on mortality in a septic rat model.
Methods
Neutrophils from human blood were cultured with varying concentrations of flecainide acetate (1 μM, 10 μM, or 100 μM) with or without LPS (100 ng/ml). To assess neutrophil activation, the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured after a 4-hour culture period. To assess the intracellular signaling pathways, the levels of phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were measured after a 30-minute culture period, and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was measured after a 1-hour culture period. Additionally, the survival rate was investigated in a rat sepsis model.
Results
Flecainide acetate down-regulated the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6 and IL-8, and intracellular signaling pathways including ERK 1/2 and NF-κB. Flecainide acetate also improved the survival rate in the rat sepsis model.
Conclusions
Collectively, these findings indicate that flecainide acetate can improve survival in a rat sepsis model by attenuating LPS-induced neutrophil responses. We therefore suggest that flecainide acetate plays an important role in modulating inflammatoryimmune responses.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Persistence is key: unresolved immune dysfunction is lethal in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 sepsis
Andy Y. An, Arjun Baghela, Peter Zhang, Reza Falsafi, Amy H. Lee, Uriel Trahtemberg, Andrew J. Baker, Claudia C. dos Santos, Robert E. W. Hancock
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Erratum

Comparison of Morphine and Remifentanil on the Duration of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: Jae Myeong Lee, Seong Heon Lee, Sang Hyun Kwak, Hyeon Hui Kang, Sang Haak Lee, Jae Min Lim, Mi Ae Jeong, Young Joo Lee, Chae Man Lim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2016;31(4):381-381. Published online November 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.4.281.e01; Corrects: Acute Crit Care 2014;29(4):281

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PDF

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Early Sedation Depth and Clinical Outcomes in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in a Hospital: Retrospective Cohort Study
Jeong Mi Hwang, Su Jung Choi
Asian Nursing Research.2023; 17(1): 15. CrossRef

Guideline

Pulmonary
Clinical Practice Guideline of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Young-Jae Cho, Jae Young Moon, Ein-Soon Shin, Je Hyeong Kim, Hoon Jung, So Young Park, Ho Cheol Kim, Yun Su Sim, Chin Kook Rhee, Jaemin Lim, Seok Jeong Lee, Won-Yeon Lee, Hyun Jeong Lee, Sang Hyun Kwak, Eun Kyeong Kang, Kyung Soo Chung, Won-Il Choi, The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Consensus Group; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2016;31(2):76-100. Published online May 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.31.2.76

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Abstract PDF

There is no well-stated practical guideline for mechanically ventilated patients with or without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We generate strong (1) and weak (2) grade of recommendations based on high (A), moderate (B) and low (C) grade in the quality of evidence. In patients with ARDS, we recommend low tidal volume ventilation (1A) and prone position if it is not contraindicated (1B) to reduce their mortality. However, we did not support high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (1B) and inhaled nitric oxide (1A) as a standard treatment. We also suggest high positive end-expiratory pressure (2B), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a rescue therapy (2C), and neuromuscular blockage for 48 hours after starting mechanical ventilation (2B). The application of recruitment maneuver may reduce mortality (2B), however, the use of systemic steroids cannot reduce mortality (2B). In mechanically ventilated patients, we recommend light sedation (1B) and low tidal volume even without ARDS (1B) and suggest lung protective ventilation strategy during the operation to lower the incidence of lung complications including ARDS (2B). Early tracheostomy in mechanically ventilated patients can be performed only in limited patients (2A). In conclusion, of 12 recommendations, nine were in the management of ARDS, and three for mechanically ventilated patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between mechanical power and intensive care unit mortality in Korean patients under pressure-controlled ventilation
Jae Kyeom Sim, Sang-Min Lee, Hyung Koo Kang, Kyung Chan Kim, Young Sam Kim, Yun Seong Kim, Won-Yeon Lee, Sunghoon Park, So Young Park, Ju-Hee Park, Yun Su Sim, Kwangha Lee, Yeon Joo Lee, Jin Hwa Lee, Heung Bum Lee, Chae-Man Lim, Won-Il Choi, Ji Young Hong
Acute and Critical Care.2024; 39(1): 91. CrossRef
Predicting factors associated with prolonged intensive care unit stay of patients with COVID-19
Won Ho Han, Jae Hoon Lee, June Young Chun, Young Ju Choi, Youseok Kim, Mira Han, Jee Hee Kim
Acute and Critical Care.2023; 38(1): 41. CrossRef
Treatment of acute respiratory failure: invasive mechanical ventilation
Young Sam Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(3): 151. CrossRef
Treatment of acute respiratory failure: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Jin-Young Kim, Sang-Bum Hong
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(3): 157. CrossRef
Prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in acute respiratory distress syndrome – Authors' reply
Rob Mac Sweeney, Daniel F McAuley
The Lancet.2017; 389(10078): 1516. CrossRef
Prolonged Glucocorticoid Treatment in ARDS: Impact on Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness
Gianfranco Umberto Meduri, Andreas Schwingshackl, Greet Hermans
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

Randomized Controlled Trial

Pharmacology/Pulmonary
Comparison of Morphine and Remifentanil on the Duration of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: Jae Myeong Lee, Seong Heon Lee, Sang Hyun Kwak, Hyeon Hui Kang, Sang Haak Lee, Jae Min Lim, Mi Ae Jeong, Young Joo Lee, Chae Man Lim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29(4):281-287. Published online November 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.4.281; Correction in: Acute Crit Care 2016;31(4):381

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
A randomized, multicenter, open-label, parallel group study was performed to compare the effects of remifentanil and morphine as analgesic drugs on the duration of weaning time from mechanical ventilation (MV).
METHODS
A total of 96 patients with MV in 6 medical and surgical intensive care units were randomly assigned to either, remifentanil (0.1-0.2 mcg/kg/min, n = 49) or morphine (0.8-35 mg/hr, n = 47) from the weaning start. The weaning time was defined as the total ventilation time minus the sum of controlled mode duration.
RESULTS
Compared with the morphine group, the remifentanil-based analgesic group showed a tendency of shorter weaning time (mean 143.9 hr, 89.7 hr, respectively: p = 0.069). Secondary outcomes such as total ventilation time, successful weaning rate at the 7th of MV day was similar in both groups. There was also no difference in the mortality rate at the 7th and 28th hospital day. Kaplan-Meyer curve for weaning was not different between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Remifentanil usage during the weaning phase tended to decrease weaning time compared with morphine usage.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison between remifentanil and other opioids in adult critically ill patients
Shuguang Yang, Huiying Zhao, Huixia Wang, Hua Zhang, Youzhong An
Medicine.2021; 100(38): e27275. CrossRef

Case Report

Pharmacology/Anesthesiology
Lipid Emulsion in the Successful Resuscitation of Local Anesthetic Toxicity after Ankle Block: Sang Hee Park, Sang Hyun Kwak, Kyung Yeon Yoo, Hyun Jung Lee, Keun Bae Yook, Seok Jai Kim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29(3):234-236. Published online August 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.3.234

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Abstract PDF: Unexpected occurrence of local anesthetic toxicity is not rare and can cause fatal complications that do not respond to any known drug of intervention. Recently, the successful use of lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity has been reported and recommended as a rescue method for cardiac or neurologic complications. We report a case of seizure attack and respiratory arrest successfully recovered with the use of intravenous lipid emulsion. Clinicians must be aware of the beneficial role of lipid emulsion in cases of local anesthetic toxicity.

Original Articles

Structure of Intensive Care Unit and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Influenza A/H1N1 2009: Jaehwa Cho, Hun Jae Lee, Sang Bum Hong, Gee Young Suh, Moo Suk Park, Seok Chan Kim, Sang Hyun Kwak, Myung Goo Lee, Jae Min Lim, Huyn Kyung Lee, Younsuck Koh; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2012;27(2):65-69.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2012.27.2.65

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
During 2009 pandemic period, many Koreans were infected and admitted with Influenza A/H1N1. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether the structures of an intensive care unit (ICU) were associated with the outcomes of critically ill patients.
METHODS
This retrospective observational study examined critically ill adult patients with influenza A/H1N1, who were admitted to 24 hospitals in Korea, from September 2009 to February 2010. We collected data of ICU structure, patients and 90 days mortality. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, with backward elimination, were performed to determine the most significant risk factors.
RESULTS
Of the 239 patients, mortality of 90 days was 43%. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score (p < 0.001), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (p < 0.0001), nurse to beds ratio (p = 0.039) and presence of intensivist (p = 0.024) were significant risk factors of 90 days mortality. Age (p = 0.123), gender (p = 0.304), hospital size (p = 0.260), and ICU type (p = 0.409) were insignificantly associated with mortality. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with less than 6 SOFA score had significantly lower mortality, compared with those with more than 10 SOFA score (odds ratio 0.156, p < 0.0001). The presence of intensivist had significantly lower mortality, compared with the absence (odds ratio 0.496, p = 0.026).
CONCLUSIONS
In critically ill patients with influenza A/H1N1, the severity of the illness and presence of intensivist might be associated with 90 days mortality.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A population-based observational study of patients with pulmonary disorders in intensive care unit
Hyun Woo Lee, Eunjeong Ji, Soyeon Ahn, Hye-Joo Yang, Seo-Young Yoon, Tae Yeon Park, Yeon Joo Lee, Jinwoo Lee, Sang-Min Lee, Seung-Hye Choi, Young-Jae Cho
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2020; 35(6): 1411. CrossRef
Novel respiratory infectious diseases in Korea
Hyun Jung Kim
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine.2020; 37(4): 286. CrossRef
Impact of the mother–nurse partnership programme on mother and infant outcomes in paediatric cardiac intensive care unit
Ju-Yeon Uhm, Hee Soon Kim
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2019; 50: 79. CrossRef
Major Obstacles to Implement a Full-Time Intensivist in Korean Adult ICUs: a Questionnaire Survey
Jun Wan Lee, Jae Young Moon, Seok Wha Youn, Yong Sup Shin, Sang Il Park, Dong Chan Kim, Younsuk Koh
Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2016; 31(2): 111. CrossRef
Critical Care In Korea: Present and Future
Chae-Man Lim, Sang-Hyun Kwak, Gee Young Suh, Younsuck Koh
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(11): 1540. CrossRef
Intensivist Physician Staffing in Intensive Care Units
Sunghoon Park, Gee Young Suh
Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2013; 28(1): 1. CrossRef

Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Murine Macrophage Activation: Seong Heon Lee, Mei Li, Dae Wook Lee, Dong Yun Lim, Cheol Won Jeong, Sang Hyun Kwak; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2011;26(3):134-138.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2011.26.3.134

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis and is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of CAPE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage activation.
METHODS
Raw 264.7 cells were incubated with varying concentrations of CAPE with or without LPS. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun amino terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 were measured.
RESULTS
CAPE inhibited the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and MIP-2 and attenuated phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS.
CONCLUSIONS
CAPE can attenuate LPS-induced macrophage responses and we suggest that these effects may play an important role in modulating macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses in vivo.

Case Report

Reexpansion Pulmonary Edema Following the Early Decompression of Pneumothorax Occurred after Anesthetic Induction in a Patient with Lung Bulla: A Case Report: Hye Jin Jeung, Hyun Jung Lee, Seok Jai Kim, Sang Hyun Kwak; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2010;25(3):159-162.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2010.25.3.159

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Abstract PDF: When a rapidly re-expanding lung has been in a state of collapse for more than several days, pulmonary edema sometimes occurs. This is called reexpansion pulmonary edema. In general, it most commonly occurs in patients with a large pneumothorax of long duration. In this case, a 15 year old female patient with a 2.3 cm sized bulla in the right lung developed right pneumothorax after anesthetic induction. Although early drainage by closed thoracostomy was performed, right pulmonary edema eventually occurred. It is unusual that vigorous reexpansion pulmonary edema developed even though early decompression was performed within one hour after development of pneumothorax.

Review

The Role of the Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Pathway in Acute Lung Injury: Sang Hyun Kwak; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2009;24(2):53-58.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2009.24.2.53

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Abstract PDF: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common, life-threatening cause of acute respiratory failure, which is ultimately caused by a variety of local and systemic insults. Alterations in the coagulation and fibrinolysis profiles are present in almost all the patients suffering with ALI. The classic histologic findings in ALI patients include alveolar fibrin formation and microthrombi in the pulmonary vasculature. Decreased circulating levels of protein C and increased concentrations of thrombomodulin are present in patients with septic and nonseptic ALI. The circulating and pulmonary concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are increased in the setting of ALI, and the degree of elevation in the PAI-1 level directly correlates with mortality. The need for new specific therapies has led a number of investigators to examine the role of altered coagulation and fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of ALI. This review summarizes the current understanding of coagulation and fibrinolysis in ALI with an emphasis on the pathways that could be potential therapeutic targets, including the tissue factor pathway, the protein C pathway and the modulation of fibrinolysis via plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Case Report

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Occurred after Esophagectomy: A Case Report: Su Hyeon Park, Sung Tae Jeong, Seok Jai Kim, Hong Beom Bae, Sung Su Chung, Sang Hyun Kwak; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2007;22(1):42-47.

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Abstract PDF: Hemolytic uremic syndrome is an unusual and uncommon disease in adults but more common in children, which is defined by the triad of acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. We report a 64-year-old man who developed hemolytic uremic syndrome after esophagectomy and esophagogastrostomy due to esophageal cancer. We treated him using continuous renal replacement therapy and plasmapheresis with large volume fresh frozen plasma transfusion for 9 days. We could not find the cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, and so finally concluded that it is idiopathic. Bleeding continuously without a particular reason after an operation, it needs an early diagnosis and treatment with considering a possibility of the hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Review

Biotrauma in Ventilator Induced Lung Injury: Sang Hyun Kwak, Seok Jai Kim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2006;21(1):1-7.

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Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

Case Report

Vocal Cord Paralysis after the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Case Report: Kwang Su Kim, Seong Wook Jeong, Sang Hyun Kwak, Myung Ha Yoon, Kyung Yeon Yoo, Chang Young Jeong, Sung Su Chung; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2005;20(2):170-173.

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Abstract PDF: Surgical trauma has long been recognized as the most common cause of unilateral and bilateral vocal cord paralysis. We experienced a case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft. The patient was repeated intubation and extubation after operation in surgical intensive care unit. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed bilateral vocal cord paralysis in the patient. The patient recovered after permanent tracheotomy. We reported a case of vocal cord paralysis after coronary artery bypass graft.

Original Article

Influence of Collapse and Re-ventilation of Lung on the Development of Pulmonary Edema: Sang Hyun Kwak, Won Jong Jin, Hong Beom Bae, Seong Wook Jeong, Sung Su Chung, Chang Young Jeong; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2004;19(1):8-19.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
This study was to clarify the influence of collapse and re-ventilation of lung on the development of pulmonary edema in rabbit. METHODS: Animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Sham group receiving two lung ventilation (n=14), Collapse group receiving collapse of right lung (n=14), Reventilation group receiving collapse of right lung for 3 hours followed by reventilation of collapsed right lung for 3 hours (n=14). The lung of rabbits were ventilated with 50% oxygen through the tracheostomy. Right main bronchus was secured by thoracotomy in all animal. Collapse and reventilation were performed using by bulldog forcep. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), peripheral blood leukocyte and platelet counts were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hour after the start of experiment. The wet to dry (W/D) weight ratio of lung, lung injury score and leukocyte counts, percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL), concentration of albumin, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured 6 hour after the start of experiment in both lung. RESULTS: W/D weight ratio of lung, lung injury score and leukocyte counts, percentage of PMNL, concentration of albumin and IL-8 in BALF were significantly increased in both lung of reventilation group. And the degree of increases is more significant in right than left lung. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that reventilation of collapsed lung causes the bilateral pulmonary edema in rabbit mainly by activating neutrophil and IL-8 responses, which may play a central role in non cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Case Report

Tracheoesophageal Fistula as a Complication after Endotracheal Intubation: A Case Report: Woong Mo Kim, Seong Wook Jeong, Sang Hyun Kwak, Sung Su Chung, Chang Young Jeong; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2003;18(1):39-42.

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Abstract PDF: Placement of endotracheal tube, even for extremely short periods, can result in injury to laryngeal and tracheal tissue. This may be clinically insignificant, but in rare cases, it could be life threatening and results in permanent disability. Especially, tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a serious and challenging problem because it may contaminate the tracheobronchial tree and interfere with nutrition. This uncommon but lethal complication has been reported to be associated with certain risk factors in tracheally intubated patients, and better knowledge of these factors could reduce the incidence of post-intubation TEF. We report a case of 49-year old male patient who has acquired TEF caused by endotracheal intubation and positive pressure ventilation.

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